One item in a bibliographic list.
A <ref> is typically a citation describing a referenced work (see Tagging References). This Tag Set allows notes as well as citations in a bibliographic list, but best practice is to place notes in an <fn-group> or <notes> section and use <ref-list> only for bibliographic citations.
<!ELEMENT ref %ref-model; >
(label?, (citation-alternatives | element-citation | mixed-citation | note | x)+)
The following, in order:
Including an element-style bibliographic reference (punctuation and spacing removed):
...
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="bid.41">
<label>1</label>
<element-citation>
<person-group>
<name><surname>Olson</surname><given-names>M</given-names></name>
...
</person-group>
<article-title>A common language for physical mapping
of the human genome</article-title>
<source>Science</source>
<year iso-8601-date="1989">1989</year>
<volume>245</volume>
<issue>4925</issue>
<fpage>1434</fpage>
<lpage>1435</lpage>
<pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">2781285</pub-id>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref>...</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
...
Including a mixed-style bibliographic reference (punctuation and spacing preserved):
...
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="B8">
<label>8. </label>
<mixed-citation>
<string-name><surname>Weissert</surname>,
<given-names>W</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>Livieratos</surname>,
<given-names>B</given-names>
</string-name>. <article-title>Effects and costs of
day-care services for the chronically ill: a randomized
experiment</article-title>. <source>Medical Care</source>:
<year iso-8601-date="1980">1980</year>; <volume>18</volume>;
<fpage>567</fpage>–<lpage>584</lpage>.
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">WES-6772889</pub-id>.
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref>...</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
...
This Tag Set allows notes (<note>) in addition to citations in a reference list:
...
<ref id="c33">
<label>33.</label>
<note>
<p>While the samples appear homogeneous in terms of local variations in
transition energy and PL intensity, the response to external electric fields
is strongly inhomogeneous, which can most likely be attributed to local
variations in the AlGaN back contact conductivity as well as inhomogeneities
in the passivation process.</p>
</note>
</ref>
...
...
<ref id="c35">
<label>35.</label>
<note>
<p>The geometric optimization and electronic transport properties are
all calculated by a developed <italic>ab-initio</italic> software package
Atomistix ToolKit, which is based on the spin-polarized density-functional
theory combined with the non-equilibrium Greens functions. ...</p>
</note>
</ref>
...