Bibliographic description of a work. Includes a combination of bibliographic reference elements and untagged text. Spacing and punctuation are preserved.
Related Essay: For a discussion on the use of <mixed-citation>, see Tagging Bibliographic References.
Citations may be cited directly in the text of the work, but they are more commonly listed in a bibliographic reference list at the end of the book or book component with the reference list item cited from within the text. Although in this Tag Set, citations are allowed to float freely within a paragraph, many publishers require that the full citation be listed in the bibliographic reference list <ref-list> and only an <xref> be inserted into the text at the place of reference.
Best Practice: Although this Tag Set does not enforce it, best practice is to tag as many of the following elements as possible within an <mixed-citation> to a journal article, so that PubMed Central, CrossRef, or other matching service can make the citation into a live link.
source | The title of the journal in which the cited article was published. (For journal titles, publishers and archives typically establish authority lists, for example, in PubMed Central processing, the journal title source is usually the NLM title abbreviation of the journal name <source>Physiol Rev</source>.) For book citations, this is the title of the book: <source>Moby Dick</source>. |
article-title | Title of the article (Use the <source> element for titles of books, reports, conference proceedings, etc.) |
volume | Number of the applicable volume of the journal |
issue | Issue number of the applicable issue |
fpage | Page number on which the article starts |
surname | Surname (familial name) of an author or editor (This element is used inside a <name> element or <string-name> element which is repeated when multiple authors must be listed.) |
year | The year of publication |
month | The month of publication (if present) |
day | The day of month of publication (if present) |
Linking Best Practice: In order to make citations into live links, as much of the author and date information as is available should be preserved, even if it not possible to tag all the elements just named. The most important date tag is <year>, and it should always be tagged if possible, for example, <year>2008</year>. The <day> and <month> tags are used more rarely; they are provided because some of the citation matching services can use the month and day information if it is available.
Information Typing Best Practice: The @publication-type attribute should normally be used to distinguish between journal articles, books, reviews, personal communications, dissertations, and so on.
<!ELEMENT mixed-citation
(#PCDATA | %citation-elements;)* >(#PCDATA | inline-supplementary-material | related-article | related-object | hr | string-date | bold | fixed-case | italic | monospace | overline | overline-start | overline-end | roman | sans-serif | sc | strike | underline | underline-start | underline-end | ruby | alternatives | inline-graphic | private-char | chem-struct | inline-formula | label | tex-math | mml:math | abbrev | index-term | index-term-range-end | milestone-end | milestone-start | named-content | styled-content | annotation | article-title | chapter-title | collab | collab-alternatives | comment | conf-date | conf-loc | conf-name | conf-sponsor | date | date-in-citation | day | edition | email | elocation-id | etal | ext-link | fpage | gov | institution | institution-wrap | isbn | issn | issn-l | issue | issue-id | issue-part | issue-title | lpage | month | name | name-alternatives | object-id | page-range | part-title | patent | person-group | pub-id | publisher-loc | publisher-name | role | season | series | size | source | std | string-name | supplement | trans-source | trans-title | uri | volume | volume-id | volume-series | year | fn | target | xref | sub | sup | x)*
Any combination of:
<citation-alternatives>, <license-p>, <p>, <ref>, <td>, <th>, <title>
Typical citation to a journal article:
...
<ref-list>
...
<ref id="B8">
<label>8</label>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal" publication-format="print">
<string-name><surname>Weissert</surname>,
<given-names>W</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>Livieratos</surname>,
<given-names>B</given-names>
</string-name>.
<article-title>Effects and costs of day-care
services for the chronically ill: a randomized
experiment</article-title>. <source>Medical Care</source>
<year iso-8601-date="1980">1980</year>;<volume>18</volume>:
<fpage>567</fpage>–<lpage>584</lpage>.
<pub-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">WES-6772889</pub-id>.
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
...
</ref-list>
...
Typical citation to a book:
...
<ref>
<mixed-citation publication-type="book" publication-format="print">
<string-name><surname>Al-Ibrahim</surname>
<given-names>MS</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>Gross</surname>
<given-names>JY</given-names></string-name>.
<chapter-title>Tobacco use</chapter-title>. In:
<string-name><surname>Walker</surname>
<given-names>HK</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>Hall</surname>
<given-names>WD</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>Hurst</surname>
<given-names>JW</given-names></string-name>, editors.
<source>Clinical methods: the history, physical,
and laboratory examinations</source>.
<publisher-loc>Stoneham (MA)</publisher-loc>:
<publisher-name>Butterworth Publishers</publisher-name>;
©<year content-type="copyright-year">1990</year>.
p. <fpage>214</fpage>-<lpage>216</lpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
...
Translated example:
...
<ref>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal" publication-format="print">
<string-name><surname>Llanos De La Torre Quiralte</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>Garijo Ayestaran</surname>
<given-names>M</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>Poch Olive</surname>
<given-names>ML</given-names></string-name>.
<article-title xml:lang="es">Evolucion de la mortalidad
infantil de La Rioja (1980-1998)</article-title>
[<trans-title xml:lang="en">Evolution of the infant
mortality rate in la Rioja in Spain
(1980-1998)</trans-title>]. <source>An Esp Pediatr</source>.
<year iso-8601-date="2001-11">2001</year>
<month>Nov</month>;<volume>55</volume>(<issue>5</issue>):
<fpage>413</fpage>-<lpage>420</lpage>. Figura 3, Tendencia
de mortalidad infantil [Figure 3, Trends in infant
mortality]; p. 418. Spanish.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
...
Citation for a book, showing <date> holding the publication year:
...
<ref id="B14">
<mixed-citation publication-type="book" publication-format="print">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Hart</surname> <given-names>JT</given-names>
</name></person-group>.
<source>A new kind of doctor: the general practitioner’s
part in the health of the community</source>.
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>:
<publisher-name>Merlin Press</publisher-name>,
<date iso-8601-date="1988" date-type="published">
<year>1988</year></date>.
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
...