Tagging Keywords

Keywords are words and phrases used to name an article’s or section’s key concepts for search and retrieval purposes. Typically an author, publisher, or indexing service will assign a small number of key terms to expand lookup beyond full text, to point up the most important topics described in an article, or to map an article to a taxonomy. Indexers assigning keywords can make sure that someone searching for “this topic” will find this article or section, even if the exact words are not present in the text. Thus keywords may be key words taken from the text, from an outside vocabulary or taxonomy, or selected by authors, indexers, or publishers.
In this Tag Set, keywords come in sets (<kwd-group>), each of which may come from a particular source or ontology (such as “author-created” or the “MeSH Subject Headings”). The sets are named using the Keyword Authority attribute. Here are some sample tagged keywords that a contributor chose as best describing an article:
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author-created">
  <kwd>acid precipitation</kwd>
  <kwd>acid rainfall</kwd>    
  <kwd>smelting region</kwd>
  <kwd>Aluminum residues</kwd>
  <kwd>Sulphur dioxide</kwd>
  <kwd>Copper-nickel smelters</kwd>
</kwd-group>
Earlier versions of this Tag Set allowed for multiple sets of keywords, but the individual keywords in the set had no structure; they were just text, words, and phrases — possibly with face markup, superscripts, and subscripts (such as “<kwd>XML</kwd>”, “<kwd>H<sub>2</sub>O</kwd>”, and “<kwd>blood-brain barrier</kwd>”). The current NISO JATS accommodates more elaborate keyword structures as described below.

Tagging Complex/Compound Keywords

Keywords can possess an internal structure of their own; for example, a keyword may include both a textual phrase and its corresponding code (“863 Icelandic sagas”). Many styles of such compound keywords can be handled in this Tag Set with the <compound-kwd> element, which is modeled as a series of repeatable parts (<compound-kwd-part>). These parts can differentiate a text/code pair, divide a coded keyword into multiple code segments, describe a hierarchy, and name a variety of other compound structures. The @content-type attribute on the <compound-kwd-part> element is used to name each part, describe the role it plays, or otherwise define how each part functions within the keyword as a whole.

Keywords with Codes

The simplest case of a compound keyword is a keyword that includes both a textual phrase and its corresponding code, for example, “863 Icelandic sagas”. Both the code and the text can be tagged as keywords parts (<compound-kwd-part>) inside the element <compound-kwd>, with the @content-type attribute used to name the role or type of each part:
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="ISO-463">
  <compound-kwd>
    <compound-kwd-part 
      content-type="ISO-463-code">863</compound-kwd-part>
    <compound-kwd-part
      content-type="ISO-463-text">Icelandic sagas</compound-kwd-part>
  </compound-kwd>
  ...
</kwd-group>

Abbreviation and Expansion Keywords

Compound keywords can also be used to handle keywords that hold an abbreviation and its expansion. Both the abbreviation and the expansion are tagged as <compound-kwd-part> in a single <compound-kwd>. The @kwd-group-type attribute on <kwd-group>, which is sometimes used to name the source or the descriptor for the keywords, can be used instead to name the type of information, such as “abbreviations”. For example:
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="abbreviations">
  <compound-kwd>
    <compound-kwd-part content-type="abbrev">WT</compound-kwd-part>
    <compound-kwd-part content-type="expansion">WildType</compound-kwd-part>
  </compound-kwd>
  <compound-kwd>
    <compound-kwd-part content-type="abbrev">CFU</compound-kwd-part>
    <compound-kwd-part content-type="expansion">Colony-forming unit</compound-kwd-part>
  </compound-kwd>
</kwd-group>

Tagging Nested or Hierarchical Keywords

Hierarchical (nested) keywords structures are also possible. These, while still rare, are becoming more common as taxonomies are used to tag keywords for articles. Each <nested-kwd> contains a single keyword and any levels of nesting under that keyword. Since nested keywords are recursive, these lower levels are inside an inner <nested-kwd>.
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author" xml:lang="en">
  <nested-kwd>   
    <kwd>Biological Sciences</kwd>
    <nested-kwd>
      <kwd>Neuroscience</kwd>
      <nested-kwd> 
        <kwd>Cellular and Molecular Biology</kwd>  
        <nested-kwd>
          <kwd>Blood&ndash;brain barrier</kwd> 
        </nested-kwd>
      </nested-kwd>
    </nested-kwd> 
  </nested-kwd>
</kwd-group>

Article Authoring Tag Library NISO JATS Draft Version 1.1d3

Version of April 2015

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