<mixed-citation>

Mixed Citation

Bibliographic description of a work. Includes a combination of bibliographic reference elements and untagged text. Spacing and punctuation are preserved.

Remarks

Related Essay: For a discussion on the use of <mixed-citation>, see Tagging Bibliographic References.
Although in this Tag Set, citations are allowed to float freely within the text of an article, most publishers require that the full citation be listed in a bibliographic reference list <ref-list> and only an <xref> be inserted into the text at the place of reference. Thus most commonly, citations are listed in a bibliographic reference list at the end of the article with each reference list item cited one or more times from within the article text.
Best Practice: Although this Tag Set does not enforce it, best practice is to tag as many of the following elements as possible within a citation (<element-citation> or <mixed-citation>) to a journal article, so that PubMed Central, Crossref, or other matching service can make the journal citation into a live link:
source
The title of the journal in which the cited article was published. (For journal titles, publishers and archives typically establish authority lists, for example, in PubMed Central processing, the journal title source is usually the NLM title abbreviation of the journal name <source>Physiol Rev</source>.) For book citations, this is the title of the book: <source>Moby Dick</source>.
article-title
Title of the article (Use the <source> element for titles of books, reports, conference proceedings, etc.)
volume
Number of the applicable volume of the journal
issue
Issue number of the applicable issue
fpage
Page number on which the article starts
surname
Surname (familial name) of an author or editor (This element is used inside a <name> element or <string-name> element which is repeated when multiple authors must be listed.)
year
The year of publication
month
The month of publication (if present)
day
The day of month of publication (if present)
The other elements may be tagged if desired.
Linking Best Practice: In order to make citations into live links, as much of the author and date information as is available should be preserved, even if it not possible to tag all the elements just named. The most important date tag is <year>, and it should always be tagged if possible, for example, <year>2008</year>. The <day> and <month> tags are used more rarely; they are provided because some of the citation matching services can use the month and day information if it is available.
Information Typing Best Practice: The @publication-type attribute should normally be used to distinguish between journal articles, books, reviews, personal communications, and so on.
Historical Note: This element is one of the elements that replaces the <citation> element of previous versions of this Tag Set.

Related Elements

This <mixed-citation> element contains the bibliographic description of a work; the pointer to that description uses the <xref> element. These two elements are sometimes confused because in common language both may be called “citations”.
There are three kinds of citations in this Tag Set:
  • The element <element-citation>, which has element-only content, no interior punctuation or spacing, and allows the components of the citation to be in any order.
  • The element <mixed-citation>, which has textual content, with all interior punctuation and spacing preserved, and allows the components of the citation to be in any order.
  • Deprecated: The element <nlm-citation>, which has element-only content, no interior punctuation or spacing, and requires the components of the citation to be in a specific order. This element was used in previous versions of this Tag Set, and it is now deprecated.

Attributes

id Document Internal Identifier
publication-format Format of Publication
publication-type Type of Referenced Publication
publisher-type Type of Publisher
specific-use Specific Use
use-type use-type
xlink:actuate Actuating the Link
xlink:href Href (Linking Mechanism)
xlink:role Role of the Link
xlink:show Showing the Link
xlink:title Title of the Link
xlink:type Type of Link
xml:base Base
xml:lang Language
xmlns:xlink XLink Namespace Declaration

Content Model

<!ELEMENT  mixed-citation
                        (#PCDATA | %citation-elements;)*             >

Expanded Content Model

(#PCDATA | string-date | bold | fixed-case | italic | monospace | overline | roman | sans-serif | sc | strike | underline | ruby | alternatives | inline-graphic | inline-media | private-char | chem-struct | inline-formula | label | abbrev | index-term | index-term-range-end | milestone-end | milestone-start | named-content | styled-content | annotation | article-title | chapter-title | collab | collab-alternatives | comment | conf-acronym | conf-date | conf-loc | conf-name | conf-sponsor | data-title | date | date-in-citation | day | edition | email | elocation-id | etal | ext-link | fpage | gov | institution | institution-wrap | isbn | issn | issn-l | issue | issue-id | issue-part | issue-title | lpage | month | name | name-alternatives | object-id | page-range | part-title | patent | person-group | pub-id | publisher-loc | publisher-name | role | season | series | size | source | std | string-name | supplement | trans-source | trans-title | uri | version | volume | volume-id | volume-series | year | sub | sup)*

Description

Any combination of:

This element may be contained in:

<citation-alternatives>, <license-p>, <p>, <ref>, <td>, <th>, <title>

Example 1

Typical bibliographic citation to a journal article:
...
<ref id="B7">
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal">
<string-name><surname>Woodford-Williams</surname>,
<given-names>E</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>McKeon</surname>,
<given-names>JA</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>Trotter</surname>,
<given-names>IS</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>Watson</surname>,
<given-names>D</given-names></string-name>, and
<string-name><surname>Bushby</surname>,
<given-names>C</given-names></string-name>.
<article-title>The day hospital in the community care
of the elderly</article-title>.
<source>Gerontology Clinic</source>.
<year iso-8601-date="1962">1962</year>; <volume>4</volume>:
<fpage>241</fpage>&ndash;<lpage>256</lpage>.
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
...

Example 2

Typical bibliographic citation to a book:
...
<ref id="B14">
<mixed-citation publication-type="book" publication-format="print">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name><surname>Hart</surname> <given-names>JT</given-names>
</name></person-group>. 
<source>A new kind of doctor: the general practitioner&rsquo;s 
part in the health of the community</source>. 
<publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>:  
<publisher-name>Merlin Press</publisher-name>, 
<date iso-8601-date="1988" date-type="published">
<year>1988</year></date>.
</mixed-citation>
</ref>
...

Example 3

Translated bibliographic citation example:
...
<ref>
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal" publication-format="print">
<string-name><surname>Llanos De La Torre Quiralte</surname>,
<given-names>M</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>Garijo Ayestaran</surname>,
<given-names>M</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>Poch Olive</surname>,
<given-names>ML</given-names></string-name>.
<article-title xml:lang="es">Evolucion de la mortalidad
infantil de La Rioja (1980-1998)</article-title>.
[<trans-title xml:lang="en">Evolution of the infant
mortality rate in la Rioja in Spain
(1980-1998)</trans-title>]. <source>An Esp Pediatr</source>.
<year iso-8601-date="2001-11">2001</year>
<month>Nov</month>;<volume>55</volume>(<issue>5</issue>):
<fpage>413</fpage>&ndash;<lpage>420</lpage>. Figura 3, Tendencia
de mortalidad infantil [Figure 3, Trends in infant
mortality]; p. 418. Spanish.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
...

Example 4

Bibliographic citation for a book, showing <date-in-citation> holding the copyright year:
...
<ref>
<mixed-citation publication-type="book" publication-format="print">
<string-name><surname>Al-Ibrahim</surname>,
<given-names>MS</given-names></string-name>,
<string-name><surname>Gross</surname>,
<given-names>JY</given-names></string-name>.
<chapter-title>Tobacco use</chapter-title>. In:
<string-name><surname>Walker</surname>,
<given-names>HK</given-names></string-name>
<string-name><surname>Hall</surname>,
<given-names>WD</given-names></string-name>
<string-name><surname>Hurst</surname>,
<given-names>JW</given-names></string-name>,
 editors. <source>Clinical methods: the
history, physical, and laboratory examinations</source>.
<publisher-loc>Stoneham (MA)</publisher-loc>:
<publisher-name>Butterworth Publishers</publisher-name>;
&copy;<date-in-citation content-type="copyright-year"
iso-8601-date="1990">1990</date-in-citation>.
p. <fpage>214</fpage>-<lpage>216</lpage>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
...

Example 5

Data in figshare, referenced through a DOI:
...
<ref>
<mixed-citation publication-type="data">Di Stefano B, Collombet S, 
Graf T. <source>Figshare</source> <ext-link ext-link-type="doi" 
assigning-authority="figshare" 
xlink:href="http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.939408">
http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.939408</ext-link> 
(<year iso-8601-date="2014">2014</year>).</mixed-citation>
</ref>
...

Journal Publishing Tag Library NISO JATS Version 1.2 (ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2019)

Version of May 2019

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