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Accessibility

Journal publishing now entails delivery through a wide range of output devices including phones, handhelds, eBook readers, and personal computers, as well as the more historically important print pages. Journal articles are provided in a variety of formats including XML, PDF, HTML, several eBook formats, and DAISY for pronouncing software. Government regulation and web Best practice (as promulgated by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)) have led to requirements for better access for the visually and motor impaired. For papers that fall in the purview of the United States government, the relevant accessibility guidance comes from the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 § 508, as amended by the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 (P.L. 105 – 220), 29 U.S.C. § 794d (typically known as Section 508). For the web, the W3C has published the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 (http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-WCAG20-20081211/). The two specifications have been declared to be complimentary, with the techniques of the WCAG 2.0 used to meet the Section 508 guidelines. At the level applicable to JATS, both of these accessibility frameworks concern themselves with how those with impaired sight or motor control operate a website.
Section 508 deals with such visual and handling aspects as screen flicker, electronic forms, scripting, and color. The WCAG 2.0 guidelines range from the recommendation that web pages be well-formed, through techniques for pausing and linking, to specifics on web page design. Since JATS tries not to deal with the look-and-feel or the behavior of a journal article, but rather with the intellectual content of the article, many of the Section 508 guidelines and WCAG 2.0 techniques do not apply directly to JATS articles.
It is our expectation that publishers will use JATS XML documents to create a variety of end user formats, including print and electronic displays; it is not our expectation that JATS XML will be used as an end user format. The JATS Tag Suite is designed to enable users to create XML documents that contain all of the information necessary to create user interfaces that are Section 508 compliant and that follow WCAG recommendations for accessibility best practice.
For example, the Section 508 website (https://www.section508.gov), under 508 Standards, Subpart B — Technical Standards, § 1194.22 Web-based intranet and internet information and applications states that “A text equivalent for every non-text element shall be provided”.
JATS provides two “Accessibility Elements”, which are available within all elements that are likely to contain graphic (non-text) information, to provide that textual equivalent:
  • an <alt-text> element, to hold a brief description of the graphic, for example, for pronouncing software; and
  • a <long-desc> element, to hold a full description of the graphic including implications to be derived from the visual representation.
These “Accessibility Elements” are available on: <array>, <chem-struct>, <chem-struct-wrap>, <disp-formula>, <disp-formula-group>, <fig>, <graphic>, <inline-formula>, <inline-graphic>, <inline-media>, <inline-supplementary-material>, <media>, <preformat>, <supplementary-material>, and <table-wrap> .
This enables the XML document to contain the information needed to follow the WCAG 2.0: Techniques and Failures for Web Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (December 2008) #G73: “Providing a long description in another location with a link to it that is immediately adjacent to the non-text content” and #G95: “Providing short text alternatives that provide a brief description of non-text content”. That is, the content of the <long-desc> can be displayed in another location as per #G73 and the content of <alt-text> can provide the short text called for in #G95.
Using <alt-text>
Best practice reserves the <alt-text> element for accessibility uses such as pronouncing screen readers. This element should not be used as a replacement for <caption>, which is a visual element that is typically displayed alongside a figure, table, etc. <alt-text> is not a visual element, unless the figure, caption, or other major element that holds the <alt-text> is not available or cannot be processed by the person or device-type being addressed. Since it is not visual, <alt-text> does not allow face markup inside it; a simplified textual alternative for a graphical object (including face markup) can be created using the <textual-form> element.
Using @alt for Pronunciation
Sometimes an abbreviation (<abbrev>) needs to be pronounced in a way that is not reflected in its content or its tagging. The @alt attribute (available on many elements) can be used to record the pronunciation for screen readers and other accessibility devices. For example, the abbreviation “WHO” might be better pronounced as “World Health Organization” (@alt="World Health Organization") or as “W.H.O.” rather than as the word “who”. The @alt attribute can also be used to provide the textual interpretation of a symbol such as an emoticon (e.g., for “;-)” use an @alt attribute value such as “@alt='smile-wink'”) or the name of the emoji.
Short Pronouncing Abstract
For accessibility purposes, it is useful to provide a very short synopsis abstract (much like a Table of Contents blurb or a dek in some journals) whose purpose is to tell a non-sighted reader what the document is about. This <abstract> can be given the @abstract-type value such as “meta-description”, “description”, or “dc:description” to indicate that, when making web pages from this XML, the abstract can be used to create the NISO JATS XHTML-inspired metadata description.
Using <alternatives>
The <alternatives> element provides a container for collecting multiple versions of a single graphical or media object, for example, to provide a textual alternative to a graphic or media object or to provide an additional enlarged graphic for accessibility. By providing this container element for graphical or media objects, this element enables certain W3C Techniques for WCAG 2.0 (December 2008):
  • #G58: “Placing a link to the alternative for time-based media immediately next to the non-text content”
  • #G68: “Providing a descriptive label that describes the purpose of live audio-only and live video-only content”
  • #G69: “Providing an alternative for time based media”
  • #H86: “Providing text alternatives for ASCII art, emoticons, and leetspeak”
Table Headers
Headers and Scope Attributes: The @headers and @scope attributes are intended to make XHTML tables more accessible by making explicit the relationship between a table header cell and the cells(s) to which it applies. Table headers are not always in <th> elements at the top of a table; for example, the cells in the first row of a table may be “headers” that relate to the rest of the cells in the current row. This relationship is obvious to a sighted reader, but when tables cells are read aloud by a screen reader it is much better if the relationship has been made explicit. One of the following attributes is typically used to name the headers:
  • The attribute @headers specifies the cell(s) that are acting as headers for the current cell by pointing to the IDs (@id) of such cells. For left-to-right tables these are typically cells to the far left or above the cell. Each cell identifies its own headers.
  • The attribute @scope specifies the cells for which the current cell acts as a header, specified not as individual cells but as a group by keyword.
More than one header cell can be named in a @headers attribute to name a span or both row and column headers.
For more detailed information on the usage of these attributes, see the @headers and @scope attribute pages.