<ref>

Reference Item

One item in a bibliographic list.

Remarks

A <ref> is typically a citation describing a referenced work (see Tagging References). This Tag Set allows notes as well as citations in a bibliographic list, but best practice is to place notes in a <fn-group> or <notes> section and use <ref-list> only for bibliographic citations.
Common Practice: There is usually a number or other label preceding each citation, for example, [Lapeyre 2015], which a tagger may choose to preserve using the <label> element.
Incomplete References: Some journals identify successive bibliographic references by the same author or involving the same journal by omitting the duplicated portion of the reference and inserting a vertical rule or the word “Ibid” or “Id.” instead of the author’s name or the journal title. Since it is the intention of the Archiving and Interchange Tag Set to preserve the information provided in a bibliographic reference, and since best practice tagging would make each bibliographic reference accessible for CrossRef (and similar) queries, such references should be enhanced by tagging the author’s name or the journal title based on the name or title provided in the proceeding reference. At the discretion of the archive the word “Ibid” or “Id.” may also be retained as part of the textual content.

Attributes

content-type Type of Content
id Document Internal Identifier
specific-use Specific Use
xml:base Base
xml:lang Language

Content Model

<!ELEMENT  ref          %ref-model;                                  >

Expanded Content Model

(label?, (citation-alternatives | element-citation | mixed-citation | nlm-citation | note | x)+)

Description

The following, in order:

This element may be contained in:

<ref-list>

Example 1

Including an element-style bibliographic reference (punctuation and spacing removed):
    
<article dtd-version="1.1">...
<back>
<ack>...</ack>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<element-citation publication-type="commun" publication-format="web">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Harris</surname>
<given-names>Pat</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>
<article-title>New Z39.50 resource</article-title>
<comment>[Internet]</comment>
<source>Message to: Karen Patrias</source>
<date-in-citation content-type="time-stamp"
iso-8601-date="1998-02-27T13:18">1998 Feb 27,
1:18 pm</date-in-citation>
<date-in-citation content-type="access-date"
iso-8601-date="1998-02-28">[cited 1998
Feb 28]</date-in-citation>
<comment>[about 2 screens]</comment>
</element-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
...
</ref>
...</ref-list>
</back>
</article>

Example 2

Including a mixed-style bibliographic reference (punctuation and spacing preserved):
    
<article dtd-version="1.1">...
<back>
<ack>...</ack>
<ref-list>
<ref id="B1">
<mixed-citation publication-type="commun" publication-format="web">
<person-group person-group-type="author">
<name>
<surname>Harris</surname><given-names>Pat</given-names>
</name>
</person-group>.
<article-title>New Z39.50 resource</article-title> [Internet].
<source>Message to: Karen Patrias</source>.
<date-in-citation content-type="time-stamp"
iso-8601-date="1998-02-27T13:18">1998 Feb 27, 1:18 pm</date-in-citation>
[cited <date-in-citation content-type="access-date"
iso-8601-date="1998-02-28">1998 Feb 28</date-in-citation>].
[about 2 screens].</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="B2">
...
</ref>
...</ref-list>
</back>
</article>

Example 3

This Tag Set allows notes (<note>) in addition to bibliographic citations in a reference list:
    ...
<ref id="c33">
<label>33.</label>
<note>
<p>While the samples appear homogeneous in terms of local variations in 
transition energy and PL intensity, the response to external electric fields 
is strongly inhomogeneous, which can most likely be attributed to local 
variations in the AlGaN back contact conductivity as well as inhomogeneities 
in the passivation process.</p>
</note>
</ref>
...   
    ...
<ref id="c35">
<label>35.</label>
<note>
<p>The geometric optimization and electronic transport properties are 
all calculated by a developed <italic>ab-initio</italic> software package 
Atomistix ToolKit, which is based on the spin-polarized density-functional 
theory combined with the non-equilibrium Greens functions. ...</p>
</note>
</ref>
...

Journal Archiving and Interchange Tag Library NISO JATS Version 1.1 (ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2015)

Version of December 2015

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