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Getting Started
Navigation
Structure of the Tag Library
Introduction to Authoring Tag Set
Root Element
Selecting a Model & Schema
Hierarchy Diagrams
Top-level element: Article
Processing Metadata
Front Matter and Article Metadata
Body and Section
Back Matter
Body Blocks
Inlines
All Diagrams in Alphabetical Order
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Address/Contact Information
Alternatives For Processing
Answer Option (for a question)
Answer Set
Answer to a Question
Appendix Group and Appendix
Array (Simple Tabulation)
Article
Back Matter
Biography
Body of the Document
Boxed Text
Chemical Structure Wrapper
Collaborative (Group) Wrapper
Conference Information
Contributed Resource Group
Contributor Group and Contributor
Definition List
Explanation
Figure
Footnote Group
Formula, Display Group
Front Matter and Article Metadata
Funding Group
Glossary Elements List
Graphic
Graphic, Inline
Index Term
Index Term Range End
Keyword Group
Legend
List
Media Object
Name of Person
Open Access
Permissions
Processing Metadata
Question
Question Preamble
Question Wrapper
Question Wrapper Group
Quote, Displayed
Reference List (Bibliographic) and Reference Item
Ruby Annotation Wrapper
Section
Section Metadata
Speech
Statement, Formal
Supplementary Material Metadata
Support Group
Table
Table Footer
Title Group
Verse Form for Poetry
Elements
<abbrev>
<abstract>
<access-date>
<ack>
<addr-line>
<address>
<aff>
<aff-alternatives>
<ali:free_to_read>
<ali:license_ref>
<alt-text>
<alt-title>
<alternatives>
<annotation>
<anonymous>
<answer>
<answer-set>
<app>
<app-group>
<array>
<article>
<article-meta>
<article-title>
<article-version>
<attrib>
<author-comment>
<award-desc>
<award-group>
<award-id>
<award-name>
<back>
<bio>
<body>
<bold>
<boxed-text>
<break>
<caption>
<chapter-title>
<chem-struct>
<chem-struct-wrap>
<citation-alternatives>
<city>
<code>
<col>
<colgroup>
<collab>
<collab-alternatives>
<collab-name>
<collab-name-alternatives>
<collab-wrap>
<comment>
<compound-kwd>
<compound-kwd-part>
<compound-subject>
<compound-subject-part>
<conf-acronym>
<conf-date>
<conf-loc>
<conf-name>
<conf-num>
<conf-sponsor>
<conf-theme>
<conference>
<content-language>
<contrib>
<contrib-group>
<contrib-id>
<contributed-resource-group>
<copyright-holder>
<copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>
<country>
<custom-meta>
<custom-meta-group>
<data-title>
<date>
<date-in-citation>
<day>
<def>
<def-head>
<def-item>
<def-list>
<degrees>
<disp-formula>
<disp-formula-group>
<disp-quote>
<edition>
<element-citation>
<elocation-id>
<email>
<era>
<etal>
<explanation>
<ext-link>
<extended-by>
<fax>
<fig>
<fixed-case>
<fn>
<fn-group>
<fpage>
<front>
<funding-group>
<funding-source>
<funding-statement>
<given-names>
<glossary>
<glyph-data>
<glyph-ref>
<gov>
<graphic>
<hr>
<index-term>
<index-term-range-end>
<inline-formula>
<inline-graphic>
<inline-media>
<inline-supplementary-material>
<institution>
<institution-id>
<institution-wrap>
<isbn>
<issn>
<issn-l>
<issue>
<issue-id>
<issue-part>
<issue-title>
<italic>
<journal-id>
<kwd>
<kwd-group>
<label>
<legend>
<license>
<license-p>
<list>
<list-item>
<long-desc>
<lpage>
<media>
<meta-name>
<meta-value>
<mixed-citation>
<mml:math>
<monospace>
<month>
<name>
<name-alternatives>
<named-content>
<nested-kwd>
<nlm-citation>
<object-id>
<on-behalf-of>
<open-access>
<option>
<overline>
<p>
<page-count>
<page-range>
<part-title>
<patent>
<permissions>
<person-group>
<phone>
<postal-code>
<prefix>
<preformat>
<price>
<principal-award-recipient>
<principal-investigator>
<private-char>
<processing-meta>
<product>
<pub-id>
<publisher-loc>
<publisher-name>
<question>
<question-preamble>
<question-wrap>
<question-wrap-group>
<rb>
<ref>
<ref-list>
<related-article>
<related-object>
<resource-group>
<resource-id>
<resource-name>
<resource-wrap>
<restricted-by>
<role>
<roman>
<rt>
<ruby>
<sans-serif>
<sc>
<season>
<sec>
<sec-meta>
<see>
<see-also>
<self-uri>
<series>
<size>
<source>
<speaker>
<speech>
<state>
<statement>
<std>
<std-organization>
<strike>
<string-date>
<string-name>
<styled-content>
<sub>
<subj-group>
<subject>
<subtitle>
<suffix>
<sup>
<supplement>
<supplementary-material>
<support-description>
<support-group>
<support-source>
<surname>
<table>
<table-wrap>
<table-wrap-foot>
<target>
<tbody>
<td>
<term>
<term-head>
<textual-form>
<tfoot>
<th>
<thead>
<time-stamp>
<title>
<title-group>
<tr>
<trans-source>
<trans-title>
<underline>
<uri>
<verse-group>
<verse-line>
<version>
<volume>
<volume-id>
<volume-series>
<xref>
<year>
Attributes
abbr
abstract-type
align
alt
alt-title-type
applies_to
arrange
article-type
article-version-type
assigning-authority
audience
authenticated
award-id-type
award-type
axis
base-tagset
baseline-shift
border
calendar
cellpadding
cellspacing
char
charoff
code-type
code-version
collab-type
colspan
content-type
continued-from
contrib-id-type
contrib-type
correct
corresp
count
country
currency
custom-type
date-type
deceased
degree-contribution
description
designator
document-id
document-id-type
document-type
dtd-version
elocation-id
end_date
equal-contrib
executable
ext-link-type
fig-type
fn-type
fontchar
fontname
format
frame
glyph-data
headers
hreflang
id
indent-level
index-type
initials
institution-id-type
iso-8601-date
issue
journal-id
journal-id-type
kwd-group-type
lang-focus
lang-focus-custom
lang-group
lang-grouping
lang-source
lang-source-custom
lang-translate
lang-variant
lang-variant-custom
language
language-version
license-type
link-type
list-content
list-type
math-representation
mathml-version
mime-subtype
mimetype
name
name-style
object-id
object-id-type
object-type
orientation
page
person-group-type
platforms
pointer-to-explained
pointer-to-question
position
prefix-word
preformat-type
product-type
pub-id-type
publication-format
publication-type
publisher-type
pub-type
question-response-type
ref-type
related-article-type
resolution
resource-id-type
resource-type
rid
rowspan
rules
scope
sec-type
seq
sort-key
source-id
source-id-type
source-type
span
specific-use
start_date
style
style-detail
style-type
subj-group-type
summary
supplemental
supplement-type
support-type
table-model
tagset-family
target-type
term-status
term-type
toggle
units
use-type
valign
vocab
vocab-identifier
vocab-term
vocab-term-identifier
vol
width
xlink:actuate
xlink:href
xlink:role
xlink:show
xlink:title
xlink:type
xml:base
xml:lang
xmlns:ali
xmlns:mml
xmlns:xlink
xmlns:xsi
xml:space
x-size
xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation
y-size
Finding Information in Tag Library
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Element Context Table
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
X
Y
Common Tagging Practice
References
Two Citation Styles
How to Cite
Citation Attributes
Citation Details
Multiple Languages
Tagged Examples
Accessibility
Affiliations
Alternative Versions
Clinical Trials, Links to
Data Availability Statements
Figures/Graphics/Media
Keywords
MathML and JATS
Multiple Languages/scripts
Personal Names
Questions and Answers
Review Book/Product/Software
Supplementary Material
Tables
Deprecated Structures (JATS 1.4d1)
Full Article Sample
Technical Details
Change History: JATS 1.3 to 1.4d1
Modifying JATS for Local Use
About a JATS Namespace
Parameter Entities
%abbrev-atts;
%abbrev.class;
%abbrev-elements;
%abstract-atts;
%abstract.class;
%abstract-model;
%access.class;
%access-date-atts;
%access-date-elements;
%ack-atts;
%ack-model;
%additional-table-atts;
%addr-line-atts;
%addr-line-elements;
%address-atts;
%address-line.class;
%address-link.class;
%address-model;
%address.class;
%aff-alternatives-atts;
%aff-alternatives.class;
%aff-alternatives-model;
%aff-atts;
%aff-elements;
%ali.prefix;
%ali.xmlns;
%ali.xmlns.attrib;
%ali.xmlns.attrname;
%alt-text-atts;
%alt-title-atts;
%alt-title-elements;
%alternatives-atts;
%alternatives-display.class;
%alternatives-model;
%annotation-atts;
%annotation-model;
%Annotation-xml.content;
%annotation-xml.model;
%anonymous-atts;
%anonymous-elements;
%anonymous-model;
%answer-atts;
%answer-model;
%answer-para-level;
%answer-set-atts;
%answer-set-model;
%answer-types;
%anyURI;
%app-atts;
%app.class;
%app-group-atts;
%app-group-model;
%app-model;
%appearance.class;
%array-atts;
%array-model;
%article-atts;
%article-link.class;
%article-meta-atts;
%article-meta-model;
%article-short-model;
%article-title-atts;
%article-title-elements;
%article-version-atts;
%articleauthcustom-classes.ent;
%articleauthcustom-mixes.ent;
%articleauthcustom-models.ent;
%articleauthcustom-modules.ent;
%articlemeta.ent;
%attrib-atts;
%attrib-elements;
%author-comment-atts;
%author-comment-model;
%award-desc-atts;
%award-desc-elements;
%award-group-atts;
%award-group-model;
%award-id-atts;
%award-id-elements;
%award-name-atts;
%award-name-elements;
%back-atts;
%back-model;
%backmatter.ent;
%bio-atts;
%bio-model;
%bits-multi-lingual-atts.ent;
%block-display-minus-explanation.class;
%block-display.class;
%block-math.class;
%body-atts;
%body-model;
%bold-atts;
%boxed-text-atts;
%boxed-text-model;
%break-atts;
%break.class;
%caption.attlist;
%caption-atts;
%caption-body-parts;
%caption-model;
%caption.class;
%caption.element;
%caption.qname;
%CellHAlign.attrib;
%CellVAlign.attrib;
%chapter-title-atts;
%chapter-title-elements;
%Character.datatype;
%chars.ent;
%chem-struct-atts;
%chem-struct-elements;
%chem-struct-model;
%chem-struct-wrap-atts;
%chem-struct-wrap-model;
%chem-struct-wrap.class;
%citation-alternatives-atts;
%citation-alternatives-model;
%citation-atts;
%citation-elements;
%citation.class;
%citation-minus-alt.class;
%city-atts;
%city-elements;
%code-atts;
%code-elements;
%col.content;
%col.element;
%col.qname;
%colgroup.content;
%colgroup.element;
%colgroup.qname;
%collab-alternatives-atts;
%collab-alternatives-model;
%collab-atts;
%collab.class;
%collab-elements;
%collab-name-alternatives-atts;
%collab-name-alternatives-elements;
%collab-name-atts;
%collab-name.class;
%collab-name-elements;
%collab-wrap-atts;
%collab-wrap.class;
%collab-wrap-model;
%comment-atts;
%comment-elements;
%Common.attrib;
%common.ent;
%compound-kwd-atts;
%compound-kwd-model;
%compound-kwd-part-atts;
%compound-kwd-part-elements;
%compound-subject-atts;
%compound-subject-model;
%compound-subject-part-atts;
%compound-subject-part-elements;
%conf-acronym-atts;
%conf-acronym-elements;
%conf-date-atts;
%conf-date-elements;
%conf-loc-atts;
%conf-loc-elements;
%conf-name-atts;
%conf-name-elements;
%conf-num-atts;
%conf-num-elements;
%conf-sponsor-atts;
%conf-sponsor-elements;
%conf-theme-atts;
%conf-theme-elements;
%conference-atts;
%conference-model;
%content-language-atts;
%content-language-elements;
%contrib-atts;
%contrib.class;
%contrib-group-atts;
%contrib-group-model;
%contrib-group.class;
%contrib-id-atts;
%contrib-id.class;
%contrib-id-model;
%contrib-info.class;
%contrib-model;
%contributed-resource-group-atts;
%contributed-resource-group-model;
%copyright-holder-atts;
%copyright-holder-elements;
%copyright-statement-atts;
%copyright-statement-elements;
%copyright-year-atts;
%Core.extra.attrib;
%country-atts;
%country-elements;
%custom-meta-atts;
%custom-meta-group-atts;
%custom-meta-group.class;
%custom-meta-group-model;
%custom-meta-model;
%data-title-atts;
%data-title-elements;
%date-atts;
%date-in-citation-atts;
%date-in-citation-elements;
%date-model;
%date-parts.class;
%day-atts;
%def-atts;
%default-classes.ent;
%default-mixes.ent;
%def.class;
%def-head-atts;
%def-head-elements;
%def-item-atts;
%def-item.class;
%def-item-model;
%def-list-atts;
%def-list-head-elements;
%def-list-model;
%def-model;
%degree.class;
%degrees-atts;
%degrees-elements;
%disp-formula-atts;
%disp-formula-elements;
%disp-formula-group-atts;
%disp-formula-group-model;
%disp-formula-model;
%disp-quote-atts;
%disp-quote-model;
%display-atts;
%display-back-matter;
%display-back-matter.class;
%display.ent;
%dtd-version;
%edition-atts;
%edition-elements;
%element-citation-atts;
%elocation-id-atts;
%email-atts;
%email-elements;
%emphasis.class;
%emphasized-text;
%ent-mmlalias;
%ent-mmlextra;
%era-atts;
%etal-atts;
%etal-elements;
%etal-model;
%explanation-atts;
%explanation-model;
%extended-by-atts;
%extended-by-elements;
%ext-link-atts;
%ext-link-elements;
%face-markup.class;
%fax-atts;
%fax-elements;
%fig-atts;
%fig-model;
%fixed-case-atts;
%Flow.mix;
%fn-atts;
%fn-group-atts;
%fn-group-model;
%fn-group.class;
%fn-link.class;
%fn-types;
%fn-model;
%format.ent;
%fpage-atts;
%frame.attrib;
%free-to-read-atts;
%free-to-read-model;
%front-atts;
%front-model;
%funding-group-atts;
%funding-group-model;
%funding-source-atts;
%funding-source-elements;
%funding-statement-atts;
%funding-statement-elements;
%funding.class;
%funding.ent;
%given-names-atts;
%given-names-elements;
%glossary-atts;
%glossary-model;
%glyph-data-atts;
%glyph-ref-atts;
%gov-atts;
%gov-elements;
%graphic-atts;
%graphic-model;
%hr-atts;
%id.class;
%index-term-atts;
%index-term.ent;
%index-term-model;
%index-term-range-end-atts;
%index-term-range-end-model;
%inline-display-noalt.class;
%inline-display.class;
%inline-formula-atts;
%inline-formula-elements;
%inline-formula-model;
%inline-graphic-atts;
%inline-graphic-model;
%inline-math.class;
%inline-media-atts;
%inline-media-elements;
%Inline.mix;
%inline-supplementary-material-atts;
%inline-supplementary-material-elements;
%inside-cell;
%inside-chem-struct-wrap.class;
%inside-table-wrap;
%institution-atts;
%institution.class;
%institution-elements;
%institution-id-atts;
%institution-id-model;
%institution-wrap-atts;
%institution-wrap.class;
%institution-wrap-model;
%intable-para.class;
%investigator-name.class;
%isbn-atts;
%isbn-elements;
%ISOamsa;
%ISOamsb;
%ISOamsc;
%ISOamsn;
%ISOamso;
%ISOamsr;
%ISObox;
%ISOcyr1;
%ISOcyr2;
%ISOdia;
%ISOgrk1;
%ISOgrk2;
%ISOgrk3;
%ISOgrk4;
%ISOlat1;
%ISOlat2;
%ISOmfrk;
%ISOmopf;
%ISOmscr;
%ISOnum;
%ISOpub;
%ISOtech;
%issn-atts;
%issn-elements;
%issn-l-atts;
%issn-l-elements;
%issue-atts;
%issue-elements;
%issue-id-atts;
%issue-part-atts;
%issue-part-elements;
%issue-title-atts;
%issue-title-elements;
%italic-atts;
%JATS-ali-namespace.ent;
%jats-base-atts;
%jats-common-atts;
%JATS-common-atts.ent;
%jats-common-atts-id-required;
%journal-id-atts;
%journal-id.class;
%journalmeta.ent;
%just-base-display-noalt.class;
%just-base-display.class;
%just-para.class;
%just-rendition;
%just-table.class;
%kwd-atts;
%kwd-elements;
%kwd-group-atts;
%kwd-group.class;
%kwd-group-model;
%kwd.class;
%label-atts;
%label-elements;
%label.class;
%lang-focus-atts;
%lang-focus-types;
%lang-source-atts;
%lang-source-types;
%lang-variant-atts;
%lang-variant-types;
%legend-atts;
%legend.class;
%legend-model;
%Length.datatype;
%license-atts;
%license.class;
%license-model;
%license-p-atts;
%license-p-elements;
%license-p.class;
%license-ref-atts;
%license-ref-model;
%link-atts;
%link-elements;
%link.ent;
%list-atts;
%list-item-atts;
%list-item.class;
%list-item-model;
%list-model;
%list-types;
%list.class;
%list.ent;
%long-desc-atts;
%long-desc-elements;
%lpage-atts;
%math.class;
%math.ent;
%mathml-charent.module;
%mathml.dtd;
%mathml-qname.mod;
%mathmlsetup.ent;
%mathml3-mathmlsetup.ent;
%mathml3-modules.ent;
%MATHML.pfx;
%MATHML.prefix;
%MATHML.prefixed;
%MATHML.xmlns.attrib;
%math.qname;
%media-atts;
%media-model;
%meta-name-atts;
%meta-name-elements;
%meta-value-atts;
%meta-value-elements;
%might-link-atts;
%mixed-citation-atts;
%mml-product.class;
%modules.ent;
%monospace-atts;
%month-atts;
%multi-lang-atts;
%MultiLength.datatype;
%name-alternatives-atts;
%name-alternatives.class;
%name-alternatives-model;
%name-atts;
%name.class;
%named-content-atts;
%named-content-elements;
%nested-kwd-atts;
%nested-kwd.class;
%nested-kwd-model;
%nlm-citation-atts;
%nlmcitation.ent;
%notat.ent;
%nothing-but-para.class;
%Number.datatype;
%object-id-atts;
%on-behalf-of-atts;
%on-behalf-of-elements;
%open-access-atts;
%open-access-model;
%option-atts;
%option.class;
%option-model;
%other-table-wrap-atts;
%overline-atts;
%p-atts;
%p-elements;
%page-count-atts;
%page-range-atts;
%para-level;
%para.ent;
%part-title-atts;
%part-title-elements;
%patent-atts;
%patent-elements;
%permissions-atts;
%permissions.class;
%permissions-model;
%person-group-atts;
%person-group-elements;
%person-group-info.class;
%person-group-model;
%person-group-types;
%person-name.class;
%phone-atts;
%phone-elements;
%phrase-content.class;
%phrase.class;
%phrase.ent;
%Pixels.datatype;
%postal-code-atts;
%postal-code-elements;
%prefix-atts;
%prefix-elements;
%preformat-atts;
%preformat-elements;
%preformat-model;
%price-atts;
%price-elements;
%price.class;
%principal-award-recipient-atts;
%principal-award-recipient-elements;
%principal-investigator-atts;
%principal-investigator-elements;
%private-char-atts;
%private-char.class;
%private-char-model;
%processing-meta-atts;
%processing-meta-model;
%product-atts;
%product-elements;
%pub-id-atts;
%pub-id-types;
%publisher-loc-atts;
%publisher-loc-elements;
%publisher-name-atts;
%publisher-name-elements;
%question-answer.class;
%question-answer.ent;
%question-atts;
%question-model;
%question-preamble-atts;
%question-preamble-model;
%question-wrap-atts;
%question-wrap.class;
%question-wrap-group-atts;
%question-wrap-group-model;
%question-wrap-model;
%rb-atts;
%rb-elements;
%recipient-name.class;
%ref-atts;
%ref-list-atts;
%ref-list-model;
%ref-list.class;
%ref-model;
%references.class;
%references.ent;
%ref-types;
%related-article-atts;
%related-article-elements;
%related-article.class;
%related-object-atts;
%related-object-elements;
%related-object.ent;
%rendition-plus;
%resource-group-atts;
%resource-group-model;
%resource-id-atts;
%resource-id-elements;
%resource-name-atts;
%resource-name-elements;
%resource-wrap-atts;
%resource-wrap-model;
%rest-of-para.class;
%restricted-by-atts;
%restricted-by-elements;
%role-atts;
%role-elements;
%roman-atts;
%rt-atts;
%rt-elements;
%ruby-atts;
%ruby-model;
%rules.attrib;
%sans-serif-atts;
%sc-atts;
%Schema.prefix;
%Schema.xmlns;
%Schema.xmlns.attrib;
%scope.attrib;
%season-atts;
%sec-atts;
%sec-back-matter-mix;
%sec-back.class;
%sec-level;
%sec-meta-atts;
%sec-meta-model;
%sec-model;
%sec-opt-title-model;
%sec.class;
%section.ent;
%see-also-atts;
%see-also-elements;
%see-atts;
%see-elements;
%self-uri-atts;
%self-uri-elements;
%series-atts;
%series-elements;
%simple-display-noalt.class;
%simple-display.class;
%simple-intable-display.class;
%simple-link.class;
%simple-phrase;
%simple-text;
%size-atts;
%size-elements;
%source-atts;
%source-elements;
%speaker-atts;
%speaker-elements;
%speech-atts;
%speech-model;
%state-atts;
%state-elements;
%statement-atts;
%statement.class;
%statement-model;
%std-atts;
%std.class;
%std-elements;
%std-organization-atts;
%std-organization-elements;
%strike-atts;
%string-date-atts;
%string-date-elements;
%string-name-atts;
%string-name-elements;
%struct-title-elements;
%style.attrib;
%styled-content-atts;
%styled-content-elements;
%sub-atts;
%subj-group-atts;
%subj-group.class;
%subj-group-model;
%subject-atts;
%subject-elements;
%subsup.class;
%subtitle-atts;
%subtitle-elements;
%suffix-atts;
%suffix-elements;
%sup-atts;
%supplement-atts;
%supplement-elements;
%supplementary-material-atts;
%supplementary-material-model;
%support-description-atts;
%support-description-model;
%support-group-atts;
%support-group-model;
%support-source-atts;
%support-source-elements;
%surname-atts;
%surname-elements;
%table.class;
%table.content;
%table-display.class;
%table.element;
%table-foot.class;
%table.qname;
%table-wrap-atts;
%table-wrap-foot-atts;
%table-wrap-foot-model;
%table-wrap-model;
%target-atts;
%target-elements;
%tbody.class;
%tbody.content;
%tbody.element;
%tbody.qname;
%td.content;
%td.element;
%td.qname;
%term-atts;
%term-elements;
%term-head-atts;
%term-head-elements;
%Text.datatype;
%textual-form-atts;
%textual-form-elements;
%tfoot.content;
%tfoot.element;
%tfoot.qname;
%th.content;
%th.element;
%th.qname;
%thead.content;
%thead.element;
%thead.qname;
%time-stamp-atts;
%time-stamp-elements;
%title-atts;
%title-elements;
%title-group-atts;
%title-group-model;
%title.class;
%trans-source-atts;
%trans-title-atts;
%trans-title-elements;
%tr.content;
%tr.element;
%tr.qname;
%underline-atts;
%uri-atts;
%uri-elements;
%verse-group-atts;
%verse-group-model;
%verse-line-atts;
%verse-line-elements;
%version-atts;
%version-elements;
%volume-atts;
%volume-elements;
%volume-id-atts;
%volume-id-elements;
%volume-series-atts;
%volume-series-elements;
%xhtml-inlstyle-1.mod;
%xhtml-table-1.mod;
%XHTMLtablesetup.ent;
%XLINK.xmlns.attrib;
%xmlspecchars.ent;
%xref-atts;
%xref.class;
%xref-elements;
%year-atts;
Supporting Documentation Home
Article Authoring Tag Library Committee Draft version 1.4d1
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
National Library of Medicine (NLM)
Question Preamble