◇◆

<xref> X (cross) Reference

Reference to an object within the document (for example, a table, a bibliographic citation).

Usage/Remarks

This element may be used to reference anything that has an attribute of type @id. This single element takes the place of the many named types of references (such as figure references, table references, and footnote references) that are common in many journal tag sets.

Best Practice

The @ref-type attribute (of the <xref> element) can be used to preserve information concerning what type of element is being pointed to by the cross-reference.
Accessibility
Sometimes an <xref> needs to be pronounced in a way that is not reflected in its content or its tagging. The @alt attribute can be used to record the pronunciation for screen readers and other accessibility devices. For example, a cross-reference to a figure might be pronounced as “Figure 4”: 
... See <xref alt="figure 4">Fig&#x00A0;IV.</xref>...
Display/Formatting Note
The content of the reference (if present) will be displayed as the link.
Attributes
alt
custom-type
ref-type
rid
specific-use

Multi-lang Attributes

lang-focus
lang-focus-custom
lang-group
lang-source
lang-source-custom
lang-translate
lang-variant
lang-variant-custom

Base Attributes

id
xml:base
xml:lang
Models and Context
May be contained in
<aff>, <alt-title>, <article-title>, <attrib>, <bold>, <chapter-title>, <chem-struct>, <code>, <collab>, <compound-kwd-part>, <def-head>, <fig>, <fixed-case>, <graphic>, <italic>, <license-p>, <media>, <meta-value>, <monospace>, <named-content>, <on-behalf-of>, <overline>, <p>, <part-title>, <product>, <roman>, <sans-serif>, <sc>, <see>, <see-also>, <source>, <speaker>, <strike>, <styled-content>, <sub>, <subtitle>, <sup>, <table-wrap>, <td>, <term>, <term-head>, <th>, <title>, <trans-source>, <trans-title>, <underline>, <verse-line>
Description
Any combination of:
Content Model
<!ELEMENT  xref         (#PCDATA %xref-elements;)*                   >
Expanded Content Model

(#PCDATA | bold | fixed-case | italic | monospace | overline | roman | sans-serif | sc | strike | underline | ruby | named-content | styled-content | sub | sup)*

Tagged Samples
Links to bibliographic references 
<article dtd-version="1.4d1">
 <front>...</front>
  
 <body>
  ...
  <p>Geriatric day hospitals developed rapidly in the United Kingdom 
   in the 1960s as an important component of care provision. ... 
   Although there is considerable descriptive literature on day hospital
   care,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> concern has been expressed
   that evidence for effectiveness is equivocal and that day hospital care
   is expensive.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> ...</p>
  ...
 </body>
  
 <back>
  ...
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <mixed-citation>
     <collab>Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians 
     and British Geriatric Society</collab>. <source>Geriatric 
     day hospitals: their role and guidelines for good 
     practice</source>. (<year iso-8601-date="1994">1994</year>) 
     <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>: 
     <publisher-name>RCP</publisher-name>.
    </mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">
    <mixed-citation>
     <collab>National Audit Office</collab>. <source>National 
     health service day hospitals for elderly people in 
     England</source>. (<year iso-8601-date="1994">1994</year>)
     <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>: <publisher-name>HMSO</publisher-name>.
    </mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   ...
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
Links to figures 
...
<sec id="sec3">
 ...
 <p>Allocation of tags to individual molecules is outlined in
  <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2" alt="figure two">Fig.&#x00A0;2</xref>.
  First, the complete repertoire of tags in a plasmid library is 
  ligated to the entire population of cDNAs ... After separating 
  loaded microbeads from unloaded microbeads by FACS, as shown in 
  <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4" alt="figure four">Fig.&#x00A0;4</xref>,
  the hybridized DNA is ligated to the anti-tag, covalently attaching 
  one strand of the DNA to the microbead's surface. This permits easy 
  removal of the noncovalently attached strand.</p>
 <fig id="F2">...</fig>
 <fig id="F3">...</fig>
 <fig id="F4">...</fig>
</sec>
...
Links to tables 
...
<table-wrap id="c5-tab2">...</table-wrap>
<table-wrap id="c5-tab3">...</table-wrap>
<p>... (see <xref ref-type="table" rid="c5-tab2">Tables&#x00A0;2</xref> 
 and <xref ref-type="table" rid="c5-tab3">3</xref>)</p>
...
Link to section 
...
<p>... see <xref ref-type="sec" rid="c5-s3">Section&#x00A0;3</xref></p>
<sec id="c5-s3">
 <title>...</title>
 ...</sec>
...
Link to footnote 
...
<xref ref-type="fn" rid="int-fn1">1</xref>
...
<p>...<fn id="int-fn1"><p>...</p></fn>...</p>
...
Link to table footnote 
...
<table-wrap>
 <table>...
  <tr><td><xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="tab1-fn1">a</xref>
   </td></tr>
  ...</table>
 <table-wrap-foot>
  <fn id="tab1-fn1"><p></p></fn>
 </table-wrap-foot>
</table-wrap>
...
Related Resources