<kwd>

Keyword

A keyword is a finding aid used to record one subject term, key phrase, abbreviation, indexing word, taxonomic structure, or other expression that is associated with the whole structure (such as a book or book part). Keywords can be used for identification, searching, and indexing purposes. A keyword element (<kwd>) may contain a repetition of words found in the structure or it may contain broader terms, narrower terms, related terms, or taxonomic identifiers used to find the structure in a search or provide semantic classification of the text by mapping a specific structure to a taxonomy.

Remarks

Keywords are contained in <kwd-group>s. There may be several <kwd-group>s, each of which can be identified separately by language, vocabulary, or taxonomy source. None of the individual keyword elements (<kwd>, <compound-kwd>, <nested-kwd>) take the @xml:lang attribute; that is reserved for the <kwd-group>. This means that keywords must be sorted by language and entered in language groups.
Related Essay: For a discussion on the use of <kwd>, see Keywords.

Related Elements

This Tag Set contains several differently-structured types of keywords:
  • <kwd> is used with simple keywords: words or phrases.
  • <compound-kwd> is used with multi-part keywords, such as a keyword that is a code-and-term pair.
  • <nested-kwd> is used with hierarchical keywords structures, such as taxonomies, to record a portion of a taxonomic hierarchy. Both simple and compound keywords can be nested hierarchically.
  • <unstructured-kwd-group> is used to hold one long keyword string, which contains multiple constituent keywords that are not tagged individually.
Best Practice: In this Tag Set, nested keywords (<nested-kwd>) should be reserved for hierarchical material such as taxonomies. There are a few journal tag sets in which keyword nesting is used to simulate a two-part list. Such a keyword list should be tagged as a <def-list> instead.

Attributes

content-type Type of Content
id Document Internal Identifier
xml:base Base

Content Model

<!ELEMENT  kwd          (#PCDATA %kwd-elements;)*                    >

Expanded Content Model

(#PCDATA | email | ext-link | uri | inline-supplementary-material | related-article | related-object | hr | bold | fixed-case | italic | monospace | overline | overline-start | overline-end | roman | sans-serif | sc | serif | strike | underline | underline-start | underline-end | ruby | alternatives | inline-graphic | private-char | chem-struct | inline-formula | tex-math | mml:math | abbrev | index-term | index-term-range-end | milestone-end | milestone-start | named-content | styled-content | fn | target | xref | sub | sup | x | break)*

Description

Any combination of:

This element may be contained in:

<kwd-group>, <nested-kwd>

Example 1

An author’s list of keywords for a document:
    ...
<book-meta>...
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright &copy; 2000, The National Academy of
Sciences</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2000</copyright-year>
</permissions>
<abstract><p>We describe a method for cloning nucleic acid molecules
onto the surfaces of 5-&#x03BC;m microbeads rather than in biological
hosts. A unique tag sequence is attached to each molecule, and the
tagged library is amplified. Unique tagging of the molecules is achieved 
by sampling a small fraction (1%) of a very large repertoire of tag 
sequences. ...</p>
</abstract>
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="author">
<kwd>DNA analysis</kwd>
<kwd>gene expression</kwd>
<kwd>parallel cloning</kwd>
<kwd>fluid microarray</kwd>
</kwd-group>
...</book-meta>
...

Example 2

Multiple keyword groups for a document, including those created by Inspec:
...
<book-part-meta>...  
<kwd-group kwd-group-type="Inspec">
<kwd>diversity reception</kwd>
<kwd>Doppler radar</kwd>
<kwd>Doppler shift</kwd>
<kwd>encoding</kwd>
<kwd>optimisation</kwd>
<kwd>orthogonal codes</kwd>
<kwd>radar signal processing</kwd>
<kwd>MIMO radar</kwd>
</kwd-group>

<kwd-group kwd-group-type="uncontrolled">
<kwd>polyphase codes optimisation</kwd>
<kwd>multiinput-multioutput radars</kwd>
<kwd>radar performance</kwd>
<kwd>diversity technique</kwd>
<kwd>MIMO radar transmission</kwd>
<kwd>diversity performance</kwd>
<kwd>orthogonal codes</kwd>
<kwd>Doppler sensitive</kwd>
<kwd>side-lobes level</kwd>
<kwd>adaptive clonal selection algorithm</kwd>
<kwd>polyphase coded orthogonal signals</kwd>
<kwd>aperiodic autocorrelation side lobe</kwd>
<kwd>Doppler shift tolerance</kwd>
<kwd>sustainable Doppler shifts</kwd>
<kwd>Doppler tolerance performances</kwd>
</kwd-group>

<kwd-group kwd-group-type="Inspec-class">
<compound-kwd>
<compound-kwd-part content-type="code">B0260</compound-kwd-part>
<compound-kwd-part content-type="text">Optimisation 
techniques</compound-kwd-part>
</compound-kwd>
<compound-kwd>
<compound-kwd-part content-type="code">B6140</compound-kwd-part>
<compound-kwd-part content-type="text">Signal processing and detection</compound-kwd-part>
</compound-kwd>
<compound-kwd>
<compound-kwd-part content-type="code">B6320</compound-kwd-part>
<compound-kwd-part content-type="text">Radar equipment, systems 
and applications</compound-kwd-part>
</compound-kwd>
</kwd-group>
</book-part-meta>
...

Example 3

Multiple keyword groups for a document (in Japanese):
...
<book-meta>...
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd>heated air</kwd>
</kwd-group>

<kwd-group xml:lang="ja">
<kwd>加温空気</kwd>
</kwd-group>
  
...    
</book-meta>
...

Example 4

App Navigation Information:
...  
<sec>
<sec-meta>
<kwd-group specific-use="mobile-nav">
  <nested-kwd>
    <kwd>dosing</kwd>
    <nested-kwd>
      <kwd>geriatric</kwd>
      <nested-kwd>
        <kwd>Digoxin</kwd>
      </nested-kwd>
    </nested-kwd>
  </nested-kwd>
</kwd-group>
  
<kwd-group specific-use="mobile-nav">
  <nested-kwd>
    <kwd>Digoxin</kwd>
    <nested-kwd>
      <kwd>dosing</kwd>
      <nested-kwd>
        <kwd>geriatric</kwd>
      </nested-kwd>
    </nested-kwd>
  </nested-kwd>
</kwd-group>
</sec-meta>
<title>Dosing Table, Geriatric</title>
...</sec>  
...

Book Interchange Tag Suite (BITS) Version 2.0 Tag Library

Version of February 2016

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