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<ref> Reference Item

One item in a bibliographic list.

Usage/Remarks

A <ref> is typically a citation describing a referenced work (see Tagging References). This Tag Set allows notes as well as citations in a bibliographic list, but best practice is to place notes in a <fn-group> or <notes> section and use <ref-list> only for bibliographic citations.

Common Practice

There is usually a number or other label preceding each citation, for example, [Richardson 2015], which a tagger may choose to preserve using the <label> element.
Incomplete References
Some journals identify successive bibliographic references by the same author or involving the same journal by omitting the duplicated portion of the reference and inserting a vertical rule or the word “Ibid” or “Id.” instead of the author’s name or the journal title. Since it is the intention of the Journal Archiving and Interchange Tag Set to preserve the information provided in a bibliographic reference, and since best practice tagging would make each bibliographic reference accessible for Crossref (and similar) queries, such references should be enhanced by tagging the author’s name or the journal title based on the name or title provided in the proceeding reference. At the discretion of the archive the word “Ibid” or “Id.” may also be retained as part of the textual content.
Attributes
content-type
specific-use

Multi-lang Attributes

lang-focus
lang-focus-custom
lang-group
lang-source
lang-source-custom
lang-translate
lang-variant
lang-variant-custom

Base Attributes

id
xml:base
xml:lang
Models and Context
May be contained in
<ref-list>
Description
The following, in order:
Content Model
<!ELEMENT  ref          %ref-model;                                  >
Expanded Content Model
(label?, (citation-alternatives | element-citation | mixed-citation |
nlm-citation | note | x)+)
Tagged Samples
Citations inside <ref>
Mixed citations
<article dtd-version="1.4">
 ...
 <back>
  <ack>...</ack>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <mixed-citation publication-type="commun" publication-format="web">
     <person-group person-group-type="author">
     <name><surname>Harris</surname>
     <given-names>Pat</given-names></name>
     </person-group>. <article-title>New Z39.50 resource</article-title> 
     [Internet]. <source>Message to: Karen Patrias</source>.
     <date-in-citation content-type="time-stamp"
     iso-8601-date="1998-02-27T13:18">1998 Feb 27, 1:18 pm</date-in-citation>
     [cited <date-in-citation content-type="access-date"
     iso-8601-date="1998-02-28">1998 Feb 28</date-in-citation>].
     [about 2 screens].</mixed-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">...</ref>
   ...
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
Element citations 
<article dtd-version="1.4">
 ...
 <back>
  <ack>...</ack>
  <ref-list>
   <ref id="B1">
    <element-citation publication-type="commun" publication-format="web">
     <person-group person-group-type="author">
      <name><surname>Harris</surname>
       <given-names>Pat</given-names></name>
     </person-group>
     <article-title>New Z39.50 resource</article-title>
     <comment>[Internet]</comment>
     <source>Message to: Karen Patrias</source>
     <date-in-citation content-type="time-stamp"
       iso-8601-date="1998-02-27T13:18">1998 Feb 27,
      1:18 pm</date-in-citation>
     <date-in-citation content-type="access-date"
       iso-8601-date="1998-02-28">[cited 1998
      Feb 28]</date-in-citation>
     <comment>[about 2 screens]</comment>
    </element-citation>
   </ref>
   <ref id="B2">...</ref>
   ...
  </ref-list>
 </back>
</article>
Notes (<note>) inside <ref> 
...
<ref id="c33">
 <label>33.</label>
 <note>
  <p>While the samples appear homogeneous in terms of local variations in 
   transition energy and PL intensity, the response to external electric fields 
   is strongly inhomogeneous, which can most likely be attributed to local 
   variations in the AlGaN back contact conductivity as well as inhomogeneities 
   in the passivation process.</p>
 </note>
</ref>
...
...
<ref id="c35">
 <label>35.</label>
 <note>
  <p>The geometric optimization and electronic transport properties are 
   all calculated by a developed <italic>ab-initio</italic> software package 
   Atomistix ToolKit, which is based on the spin-polarized density-functional 
   theory combined with the non-equilibrium Greens functions. ...</p>
 </note>
</ref>
...
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