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<label> Label (of an Equation, Figure, Reference, etc.)

Number and/or prefix word placed at the beginning of display elements (for example, equation, statement, figure).

As an example, a label placed at the beginning of an equation (<disp-formula>) could be a number such as <label>Equation 3.</label>, <label>(3)</label>, or <label>3.</label>. A label before a statement such as a Proof or Lemma, could be a word such as <label>Proof</label> or <label>Hypothesis</label>.

Many objects can take explicit labels. For example, a <label> can contain the number or symbol used as a prefix character for a footnote that is placed at the point of the footnote reference. Similarly, the number and any prefix word associated with the title or the caption of a <fig> can be marked as a <label>, for example, “Figure 3.”, “Exhibit 2.”, or “3.”.

In citations, a <label> can be used to preserve the prefix number for the reference or citation, for example, “25.” or “[Richardson 2010]”. This can be useful when reconstructing untagged cross-references.

Accessibility

Sometimes a <label> needs to be pronounced in a way that is not reflected in its content or its tagging. The @alt attribute can be used to record the pronunciation for screen readers and other accessibility devices. For example, a cross-reference to a figure might be pronounced as “Figure 3”.

<label alt="figure 3">Fig&#x00A0;III.</label>

alt

xml:base

xml:lang

May be contained in

Any combination of:

Text, numbers, or special characters
Emphasis Elements
<alternatives> Alternatives For Processing
Inline Display Elements
Inline Math Elements
- <chem-struct> Chemical Structure (Display)
- <inline-formula> Formula, Inline
Baseline Change Elements
- <sub> Subscript
- <sup> Superscript

<!ELEMENT  label        (#PCDATA %label-elements;)*                  >

...
<table-wrap id="t2" orientation="portrait" position="float">
 <label>Table II.</label>
 <caption>
  <p>Models to approximate the bound frequencies as waves 
   in X→M (<inline-graphic id="g1" xlink:href="d1"/>: Rotational, 
   <inline-graphic id="g2" xlink:href="d2"/>: Vibrate in <italic>y</italic> 
   direction, <inline-graphic id="g3" xlink:href="d3"/>: Vibrate in
   <italic>x</italic> direction, <inline-graphic id="g4" xlink:href="d4"/>: 
   Vibrate mainly in <italic>y</italic> direction including a small 
   portion of vibration in <italic>x</italic> direction, 
   <inline-graphic id="g5" xlink:href="d5"/>: Vibrate mainly in 
   <italic>x</italic> direction including a small portion of vibration 
   in <italic>y</italic> direction).</p>
 </caption>
 <table border="1">...</table>
</table-wrap>
...

...
<sec>
 <title>Outcome data</title>
 ...
 <p>Figure <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref> shows that
  overall there was no significant difference between day hospital
  and alternative forms ...</p>
 <fig id="F2">
  <label>Figure 2</label>
  <caption><p>Odds of death or poor outcome in patients
   receiving day hospital care or alternative services (random
   effects model). Heterogeneity between trials is presented
   as &#x03C7;<sup>2</sup></p></caption>
  <graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
    xlink:href="fors2662.f2"></graphic>
 </fig>
</sec>
...

... 
<fig id="f3" position="float">
 <label>FIG. 3.</label>
 <caption>...</caption>
 <alternatives>
  <graphic specific-use="print" xlink:href="1.4821168.figures.highres.f3.zip"/>
  <graphic specific-use="online" xlink:href="1.4821168.figures.online.f3.jpg"/>
 </alternatives>
</fig>
...

...
<ref id="c35">
 <label>35.</label>
 <note>
 <p>The geometric optimization and electronic transport properties are 
  all calculated by a developed <italic>ab-initio</italic> software package 
  Atomistix ToolKit, which is based on the spin-polarized density-functional 
  theory combined with the non-equilibrium Greens functions. ...</p>
 </note>
</ref>
...

Mixed citation

...
<ref id="B1">
 <label>1</label>
 <mixed-citation publication-type="book">
  <collab>Research Unit of the Royal College of Physicians
  and British Geriatric Society</collab>. <source>Geriatric
  day hospitals: their role and guidelines for good
  practice</source>. <publisher-loc>London</publisher-loc>:
  <publisher-name>RCP</publisher-name>;
  <year iso-8601-date="1994">1994</year>.
 </mixed-citation>
</ref>
...

Element citation

...
<ref id="B8">
 <label>8</label>
 <element-citation publication-type="journal">
  <person-group person-group-type="author">
   <name><surname>Weissert</surname>
    <given-names>W</given-names></name>
   <name><surname>Wan</surname>
    <given-names>T</given-names></name>
   <name><surname>Livieratos</surname>
    <given-names>B</given-names></name>
   <name><surname>Katz</surname>
    <given-names>S</given-names></name>
  </person-group>
  <article-title>Effects and costs of day-care
   services for the chronically ill: a randomized
   experiment</article-title>
  <source>Medical Care</source>
  <year iso-8601-date="1980">1980</year>
  <volume>18</volume>
  <fpage>567</fpage>
  <lpage>584</lpage>
  <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">6772889</pub-id>
 </element-citation>
</ref>
...

<article dtd-version="1.3">
 <front>...</front>
 <body>
  ...
  <p>Industrial buyers categorise foreign countries
   according to their level of technological achievement
   and subsequently differentiate their perceptions of
   these countries accordingly. ... The following
   hypothesis is posited:
   <statement>
    <label>Hypothesis 1</label>
    <p>Buyer preferences for companies are influenced 
     by factors extrinsic to the firm attributable to, 
     and determined by, country-of-origin effects.</p>
   </statement>
  </p>
  ...
 </body>
 <back>...</back>
</article>

Related Resources

See: Labels in Citations
See: Accessibility

Journal Publishing Tag Library NISO JATS Version 1.3 (ANSI/NISO Z39.96-2021)

<label> Label (of an Equation, Figure, Reference, etc.)

Usage/Remarks

Base Attributes