Tagging Multiple Versions
Processing Alternatives
The <alternatives> element holds
multiple, logically equivalent (substitutable) versions of the same information object.
The typical case is a graphic (<graphic>)
which is provided in multiple formats (such as a TIF, a JPEG, and an SVG image). These
various formats offer processing alternatives for use by production personnel or by
software in presenting the work to the user. For example, a high-resolution TIF image
may be included and designated for use in printing while the same image, provided as a
lower-resolution JPEG file, may be designated for use in web display.
Other potential use cases include:
- An equation (<disp-formula> or <inline-formula>) that is available as an image as well as both TeX- and MathML-tagged versions;
- A video for online display and a thumbnail that represents one image from the video for use in print versions of the work (<media>); or
- A table (<table-wrap>) for which both NISO JATS XHTML-inspired Table tagging and an image have been provided.
The <alternatives> element can be used
everywhere that <graphic> and <media> are allowed. For example, <alternatives> can be used inside a <fig> as part of the large group of options that can be
inside a Figure. (See Tagging
Figures.) This example shows a single figure (“Figure
3”) with four processing alternatives—3 graphics in different image
formats and one media file:
...
<fig id="Fig12a">
<label>Figure 3</label>
<caption>
<title>Large Poodles</title>
</caption>
<alternatives>
<graphic xlink:href="poodle12.tif"/>
<graphic xlink:href="poodle12.jpeg"/>
<graphic xlink:href="poodle12.gif"/>
<media mimetype="xyz" xlink:href="poodle-jump12"/>
</alternatives>
</fig>
...
Similarly, a table (<table-wrap>) may
be provided in multiple formats; for example, the table below has three alternative
formats: an XML-tagged table, the equivalent image file, and a textual version with the
tabular look created by lines and spacing.
...
<table-wrap>
<object-id>...a DOI...</object-id>
<label>Table 6.</label>
<alternatives>
<table frame="box" rules="all" cellpadding="5">...an XHTML-inspired formatted table...</table>
<preformat>...a tabular form with spaces and tabs...</preformat>
<graphic xlink:href="tab437.jpg">...a JPEG of the same table...</graphic>
</alternatives>
<table-wrap-foot>...</table-wrap-foot>
<attrib>...</attrib>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>...</copyright-statement>
</permissions>
</table-wrap>
...
Alternatives for Mixed-content
The element <alternatives> may contain graphical alternatives, XML-tagged alternatives, and one or more
alternatives that contain text characters. For example, the alternatives within an equation might be a JPEG image of the equation, an XML equation tagged in MathML, and a plain text equivalent equation such as a + b = c. The <textual-form> element can be used inside <alternatives> to hold such plain text version alternatives.
Audience or Use Alternatives
The <alternatives> element names
processing alternatives for a single display object such as a graphic or a table. It
does not, however, accommodate versions of semantically equivalent material intended for
different audiences (for patients versus for doctors). Typical cases of this type of
multiple versions include:
- Two versions of a section, a short one for print to save paper and a significantly longer one for online display;
- A paragraph that is only in the online version and not in the print version of the same article;
- Two or more versions of a section of semantically equivalent material prepared at different levels for different audiences (top secret versus secret versus publicly disseminated or doctor/nurses/patients); or
- Alternative versions of a <boxed-text> for different print products (one for the magazine and one for the journal).
These textual/semantic alternatives are very different from the case of multiple
formats of the same graphic, in part because there is a structural difference; a given
section does or does not contain this paragraph. There is also a slight difference in
complexity between this case and that of the graphic in that, for the multiple graphic
formats, software can pick one alternative, whereas, for the structure, the software must build
a different structural tree. While this Tag Suite does not support alternate trees, it
does include an attribute (@specific-use)
to record these distinctions.
The @specific-use attribute can be used to
record that certain paragraphs are for print-only:
<p specific-use="print-only">See the latest updates on our website: http://www.mulberrytech.com</p>
The @specific-use attribute can be
placed on all the block-level structures, that is, on paragraphs, figures, sections, and
all the block display objects. There is no recommended set of values, but publishers
have used “print-only”,
“web-only”, “online-only”, “voice-only”, “specific-product-name”, etc.