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Two Citation Styles
This Tag Set allows citations to be tagged in two markedly different ways. Neither
is
superior to the other in supporting searching or making the citations into live links.
Neither is inherently more semantically detailed than the other. One, the “mixed”
style,
mixes tags and text inside the citation content, and thus can preserve more closely
the
element order, punctuation, and spacing found in an original printed document or created
editorially. The other, the “element” style, has only element content and does not
contain
any untagged text, which makes it possible to regularize the punctuation for references
across a publication, publisher’s content management system, or archive’s content.
It also
requires that spacing and punctuation be created in formatting the content for
display.
Mixed Style Citations
The “mixed” style is named because its content is what XML calls
“mixed content”, a mixture of text and embedded elements. In this style,
the citation is captured exactly as it was found in the print, complete with punctuation
marks, line breaks, spaces, etc. It would be possible to tag a citation with just
the
<mixed-citation> element and text inside,
though this is not best practice.
<mixed-citation>Petitti DB, Crooks VC, Buckwalter JG, Chiu V. Blood pressure levels before dementia. Arch Neurol. 2005 Jan; 62 (1): 112–116.</mixed-citation>
Although this Tag Set does not enforce it, best practice is to tag as many of the
following elements as possible within a citation to a journal article, so that PubMed
Central, CrossRef, or other matching services can make the journal citation into a
live
link:
In order to make a citation into a live link, as much of this author and date
information as is available should be preserved, even if it is not possible to tag
all
the elements just named. The most important date tag is <year>, and it should always be tagged if possible, for
example, <year>2003</year>. The <day>, <month>, and <season> elements are used more
rarely; they are provided because some of the citation matching services can use the
month and day information if it is available.
The simple citation we just examined would more properly be tagged with the name of
the first author, the publication data (issue and volume), and the year of publication:
<mixed-citation><string-name><surname>Petitti</surname> <given-names>DB</given-names> </string-name>, Crooks VC, Buckwalter JG, Chiu V. <article-title>Blood pressure levels before dementia</article-title>. <source>Arch Neurol</source>. <year iso-8601-date="2005">2005</year> Jan;<volume>62</volume>(<issue>1</issue>): <fpage>112</fpage>–116.</mixed-citation>
Best practice, however, is to tag as many of the author and publication details as
possible for retrieval and linking purposes:
<mixed-citation publication-type="journal" publication-format="print"> <string-name><surname>Petitti</surname> <given-names>DB</given-names> </string-name>, <string-name><surname>Crooks</surname> <given-names>VC</given-names></string-name>, <string-name><surname>Buckwalter</surname> <given-names>JG</given-names> </string-name>, <string-name><surname>Chiu</surname> <given-names>V</given-names> </string-name>. <article-title>Blood pressure levels before dementia</article-title>. <source>Arch Neurol</source>. <year iso-8601-date="2005-01">2005</year> <month>Jan</month>;<volume>62</volume>(<issue>1</issue>): <fpage>112</fpage>–<lpage>116</lpage>.</mixed-citation>
Element Style Citations
The “element” style is named for its element content, as it is
referred to in XML. Element content, unlike mixed content, does not include any text
interspersed with the elements. In this model, any text that would not be separately
tagged in a <mixed-citation> can be wrapped
in a <comment> element, thus ensuring that
all text is enclosed in tags. All punctuation marks, line breaks, spaces, etc. are
removed from the tagged citation and must be replaced programmatically to view the
citation in display or print. Also, there is the possibility that the display of
existing content converted to element-style citations will not match the display of
the
same citations in their source documents. This is the style used to regularize the
appearance of citations. Displaying this style of citation requires more complex output
processing and means that all parts of the citation need to be tagged.
Although this Tag Set does not enforce it, best practice is to tag as many of the
following elements as possible within a citation to a journal article, so that
PubMed Central, CrossRef, or other matching services can make the journal citation
into
a live link:
So the citation we just examined would be tagged as an element-style citation as
follows:
<element-citation publication-type="journal" publication-format="print"> <name><surname>Petitti</surname><given-names>DB</given-names></name> <name><surname>Crooks</surname><given-names>VC</given-names></name> <name><surname>Buckwalter</surname><given-names>JG</given-names></name> <name><surname>Chiu</surname><given-names>V</given-names></name> <article-title>Blood pressure levels before dementia</article-title> <source>Arch Neurol</source> <year iso-8601-date="2005-01">2005</year><month>Jan</month> <volume>62</volume><issue>1</issue> <fpage>112</fpage><lpage>116</lpage> </element-citation>